Uno 2025 used a mouse model to evaluate protective immune responses against H1N1, H3N2, and B influenza viruses following intranasal vaccination with licensed influenza vaccine intended for intramuscular administration, with and without adjuvants.
Zhang 2024 examined mechanistic differences between IM and IN delivery of a recombinant adenovirus carrying NP fused with a bifunctional CD40 ligand and found that CD40-targeted nasal delivery improved the magnitude and breadth of protection, including against lethal challenge with a newly isolated HPAI H5N1 strain.
Künzli 2022 characterized the abundance, phenotype, and anatomic distribution of mRNA vaccine–elicited antigen-specific CD8 and CD4 memory T cells in a mouse model. Results showed that the routes of mRNA vaccination influenced humoral and cell-mediated immunity and intramuscular prime-boosting established lung TRM that can be further expanded by an additional intranasal immunization.