Wagoner 2025 used a systems immunology approach combined with a tonsil organoid model to investigate how host and antigen features affect mucosal and lymphoid tissue responses to influenza vaccines. The study identified immune signatures correlated with nAb responses across seven different influenza vaccines and antigens, including elevated T helper (Th)1 signatures associated with Ab responses to inactivated influenza vaccines.
Mettelman 2023 evaluated baseline variations in cellular and humoral immune responses among 206 vaccinated or unvaccinated adults in relation to protection from (and increased susceptibility to) symptomatic influenza infection after vaccination. Results showed that protection correlated with diverse and polyfunctional CD4+ and CD8+ T, circulating T follicular helper, T helper type 17, myeloid dendritic and CD16+ natural killer (NK) cell subsets; increased susceptibility correlated with nonspecific inflammatory populations.