Eiden 2024, Eiden 2023, Eiden 2022, and Eiden 2021 reported on clinical trials evaluating the safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy (via a human challenge study) of FluGen M2SR influenza vaccine administered intranasally.
Tong 2023 compared vaccine-induced humoral immune responses induced by two seasonal influenza vaccines, intramuscular Fluzone IIV and the intranasal LAIV FluMist, to assess whether different vaccine platforms/delivery methods can induce functional humoral immunity in a distinct manner. Results highlighted differences in Ab Fc-effector profiles induced systemically by the two distinct influenza vaccine platforms delivered IM vs IN.
Kunzli 2022 found that IM and IN routes of mRNA vaccination in mice influence humoral and cell-mediated immunity, and that IM prime-boosting establishes respiratory tract resident memory T cells (Trm) that can be further enhanced by additional IN immunization.
NIH initiated a phase 1 clinical trial NCT05027932 to evaluate beta-propiolactone (BPL)-inactivated quadruple influenza virus cocktail vaccine (BPL-1357) administered intranasally or intramuscularly in two doses 28 days apart.
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Kawai 2021 found that intranasal administration of rNA, but not rHA, conferred cross-protection against antigenically heterologous challenge in mice.
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Krishnan 2021: US CDC conducted a 2-year RCT of intranasal LAIV versus intramuscular IIV among children aged 2 to 10 years in India, in collaboration with All-India Institute of Medical Sciences (2015-17).
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NCT05397119 evaluates the safety and immunogenicity of a novel mucosal recombinant H5 influenza vaccine with a nanoemulsion adjuvant followed by a parenteral boost of licensed inactivated influenza A H5N1 vaccine (phase 1 randomized clinical study).