van der Plas 2024 conducted a first-in-human, randomized, double-blind, controlled, dose-escalation study in the Netherlands, randomizing participants aged 18 to 49 and 65 and older in a 3:1 ratio to receive an intranasal gram-positive enhancer matrix (FluGem), a bacterium-like particle, in ascending doses (two-dose regimens) together with a standard TIV or unadjuvanted TIV only; results showed that FluGem was safe and well-tolerated and has potential as a novel mucosal adjuvant in combination with TIV in the elderly.
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Sajkov 2023 evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV) alone or formulated with Advax delta inulin adjuvant in those of older age (> 60 years) or with chronic disease. Results showed that Advax had a positive impact on anti-influenza IgM responses and on H3N2 and B strain seropositivity as assessed by HAI.
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Shinde 2022 reported that the Novavax Matrix-M-adjuvanted quadrivalent nanoparticle influenza vaccine (qNIV) was well tolerated and produced qualitatively and quantitatively enhanced humoral and cellular immune response in older adults compared with IIV4 (phase 3 randomized clinical trial).
Gorse 2022 found that MAS-1-adjuvanted IIV(an investigational water-in-oil emulsion-based adjuvant/delivery system comprised of stable nanoglobular aqueous droplets) induced higher HAI antibody responses with prolonged durability including against historical strains, potentially providing greater VE in the elderly throughout an influenza season (phase 1 study).