Taaffe 2025 provided an updated assessment of the global production capacity for seasonal and pandemic influenza vaccines, based on WHO’s 2023 manufacturer survey. The results suggest that seasonal influenza vaccine production capacity has remained relatively stable since 2019 at 1.53 billion doses and pandemic vaccine capacity at 4.13 and 8.26 billion doses for moderate and best case scenarios, respectively. Production is concentrated in high and upper-middle income countries, indicating a global imbalance that could result in unequal access to vaccines in LMICs during a pandemic.

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WHO 2024 published a report, Global Market Study: Seasonal Influenza Vaccine, examining global trends and drivers of seasonal influenza vaccine supply and demand; key findings include: 

1. Demand for seasonal influenza vaccines is stable and highly concentrated in high- and upper-middle income countries, which together consume over 95% of seasonal influenza vaccines.
2. Only 27 (34%) LMICs reported having a policy for seasonal influenza vaccination
3. The seasonal influenza vaccine supplier base is large, but more than 85% of annual volumes are supplied by seven producers.
4. Demand for seasonal influenza vaccines is forecasted to increase by ~10% in the next 10 years and there is significant potential to increase seasonal influenza vaccine use, particularly in LMICs.
5. In the short term, limited access risks exist due to the regulatory and implementation complexities necessitated by WHO’s recommended removal of the B/Yamagata strain from QIVs.

See report