Kanekiyo 2023 refined the lethal H5N1 infection macaque model to assess the relationship between inhaled dose and disease course, and to evaluate whether vaccination against seasonal influenza using an adjuvanted QIV could offer protection from mortality and/or morbidity caused by the HPAI H5N1 infection in macaques.
Chan 2022 used nonhuman primate models to demonstrate that even at the highest viral doses, highly pathogenic 1918 H1N1 influenza virus was not lethal in two macaque species (rhesus macaques Mauritian cynomolgus macaques), suggesting that these models may not be relevant for the evaluation of novel pandemic influenza vaccines.